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Politici agricole comunitare
MANAGEMENTUL INTEGRAT DE PROTECTIE AL CULTURILOR DE CEREALE, IN TOAMNA ANULUI 2008 - PARTEA I - GRAUL
 In conditiile din tara noastra, culturile de cereale detoamna (grau, secara, triticale, orz si orzoaica) sunt atacate frecvent de un complex de patogeni si daunatori, pe toata perioada de vegetatie, putand cauza pagube importante, actiunile de protectia plantelor reprezentand un interes major, uneori chiar determinant, privind infiintarea culturii. Tinand seama ca numerosi agenti patogeni si daunatori se transmit prin samanta si sol, iar atacul se manifesta imediat dupa semanat, se impune adoptarea unui sistem complex de masuri care include samanta, factorul agrotehnic si combaterea chimica. Obtinerea unor recolte bogate si de calitate, in conditiile unor costuri cat mai reduse, nu poate fi realizata decat printr-un management corect de protectia plantelor, bazat pe aplicarea unei tehnologii specifice perfectionate, care sa permita o valorificare superioara, atat a resurselor naturale cat si a inputurilor, masuri care trebuie avut in vedere inca de la infiintarea culturilor.
Samanta si semanatul reprezinta o veriga importanta din managementul protectiei integrate a culturilor. Utilizarea la semanat a unei seminte sanatoase si cu insusiri biologice superioare asigura o rasarire uniforma, o densitate normala si o vigoare ridicata a plantelor, factori care contribuie la diminuarea atacului de boli sau de daunatori. Intrucat unele organisme daunatoare precum taciunele, malura, septorioza, helmintosporioza sau nematozii se transmit prin samanta, se apreciaza ca neceara utilizarea la insamantat a unei seminte libere de agenti patogeni sau daunatori. Se recomanda ca samanta sa fie certificata, provenind din sole in care s-au aplicat toate verigile tehnologice necesare, inclusiv tratamentele chimice in vegetatie impotriva bolilor foliare si ale spicului.
Factorul agrotehnic joaca un rol determinant in prevenirea si diminuarea atacului diferitelor organisme daunatoare.
Asolamentul contribuie la diminuarea potentialului de atac al multor patogeni, inclusiv al malurii pitice, dar si al daunatorilor, dintre care gandacul ghebos prezinta un interes aparte. Principala recomandare se refera la evitarea cultivarii pe aceleasi sole, mai multi ani la rand, a cerealelor paioase de toamna. In acest sens, se impune o reducere a ponderii infiintarii culturilor de cereale paioase in monocultura, cu atat mai mult in monocultura prelungita mai multi ani.
Epoca de semanat prezinta o importanta majora in vederea reducerii riscului aparitiei, inca din toamna, a atacului vectorilor (afide, cicade, muste ale cerealelor) precum si a unor boli foliare, inclusiv a fenomenelor de ingalbenirea, piticirea si aspermia graului si de ingalbenirea si piticirea orzului si orzoaicei. Se recomanda incadrarea semanatului cerealelor paioase de toamna in perioada optima, pentru fiecare zona, evitandu-se semanatul timpuriu. Trebuie combatuta cu fermitate tendinta de a semana cat mai timpuriu, uneori cu mult in afara epocilor recomandate (zonal) pentru culturile de cereale de toamna. Numai asa se pot evita pierderile de recolta, ce pot ajunge uneori pana la compromitere totala, datorate fermelor de virusare mentionate.
Combaterea chimica
Alegerea produsului, atat pentru tratarea semintelor cat si pentru stropirile in vegetatie, trebuie sa tina seama de agentii patogeni si de insectele daunatoare ce urmeaza a fi combatute, diferentiat pe zona, precum si de asolamentul existent. Stabilirea produsului comercial recomandat, respectarea dozei si aplicarea corecta a tehnologiei de tratare reprezinta principalii factori de care depinde reusita acestei actiuni. Calitatea executarii tratamentului conditioneaza in mare masura eficacitatea produsului utilizat. In conditiile unei agriculturi moderne, se considera obligatorie tratarea semintelor cu fungicide, insecticide sau amestecuri insectofungicide de catre toti producatorii agricoli, aceasta masura avand un rol hotarator in cadrul managementului de protectie al cerealelor de toamna. Tratarea semintelor constituie masura de baza, in multe cazuri singura masura eficace, economica si mai putin poluanta. Oricare ar fi provenienta semintei, se impune ca aceasta sa fie tratata cu fungicide, insecticide sau amestecuri insectofungicide recomandate.
Operatiunea de tratare a semintelor de cereale paioase trebuie sa se efectueze cu aparate corespunzatoare, bine reglate, care sa asigure o acoperire uniforma a semintelor cu produsul chimic respectiv. La unele produse chimice, in timpul operatiunii de tratare se poate adauga apa, conform indicatiilor specificate pe eticheta, de regula 6-12 l/t samanta. O parte din apa utilizata la tratamentul semintei poate fi inlocuita cu ingrasaminte lichide cu rol de “starter”. Este interzisa folosirea pentru infiintarea culturilor de toamna, a semintelor tratate in anul precedent cu astfel de produse. Deoarece produsele recomandate pentru tratarea semintelor de cereale paioase sunt toxice, se impune ca manipularea si depozitarea acestora, precum si toate operatiunile de tratare, manipulare si depozitare a semintelor tratate, inclusiv efectuarea semanatului sa se execute cu respectarea obligatorie a tuturor masurilor de protectia muncii si a normelor P.S.I. prevazute de reglementarile in vigoare.
Tratamentul in vegetatie este recomandat - in situatiile in care, pe unele culturi de cereale paioase, semanate in special cu samanta netratata, dar uneori si pe sole cu samanta tratata (tratament aplicat necorespunzator, monocultura indelungata, conditii de seceta cu rasarit intarziat) – toamna tarziu sau primavara devreme, uneori chiar in ferestrele iernii pe sole in care se manifesta atacul larvelor gandacului ghebos. Interventia prin tratamente chimice pe vegetatie, pentru a salva plantele este extrem de dificila, uneori practic imposibila. Ca irmare, unica masura sigura de combatere a acestor daunatori de sol o reprezinta tratamentul semintei cu insecticide sau amestecuri insectofungicide recomandate.
Graul de toamna
In cazul graului semanat dupa alte plante decat cerealele paioase, pentru prevenirea si combaterea malurii comune si a fuzariozei radacinilor, coletului si plantelor se folosesc urmatoarele produse comerciale: Amiral 2 PUS (1.5 kg/t), Amiral 3 FS (1,0 l/t), Amiral Hobby 3 FS (1.0 l/t), Artemis (0.5l/t), Celest Star (1,0 l/t), Dacdicarb (1,5 kg/t), Dinitim 2 PUS (1,0 kg/t), Dinitim 2 SC (1,0 l/t), Dinizon (1,0 kg/t), Dividend 030 FS (1,0 l/t), Dividend Xtreme (0,3 l/t), Dividend Star 036 FS (1,0 l/t), Fortral 2 WS (1,5 kg/t), Gizmo 60 FS (0,5 l/t), Kinto Duo (1,5 l/t), Kripto 2 WS (1,5 l/t), Kripto Super 60 FS (0,5 l/t), Lamardor 400 FS (0,150 l/t), Orius 6 FS (0,5 l/t), Orius ST 2 WS (1,5 kg/t), Panoctine 35 LS (2,0 l/t), Panoctine Green 35 LS (2,0 l/t), Premise (0,3 l/t), Raxil T 206 GEL (5,0 kg/t), Raxil T 515 FS (2,0 l/t), Real 200 FS (0,2 l/t), Savage 5 FS (1,5 l/t), Semnal 500 FS (2,5 l/t), Semnal 80 PUS (1,750 kg/t), Sirius (1,0 l/t), Sponsor 6 FS (0,5 l/t), Sumi 8 Plus (1,5 l/t), Sumi 8 2 FL (1,0 l/t), Supervax (2,5 l/t), Tiracarb 600 SC (2,5 l/t), Tiradin 500 SC (2,5 l/t), Tiradin 70 PUS (2,0 kg/t), Tiramet 60 PTS (3,0 Kg/t), Tiramet 600 SC (3,0 l/t), Vincit F (1,5 l/t), Vincit Nova (1,0 l/t), Vitavax 200 FF (2,5 l/t), Vitavax 2000 (2,5 l/t), Vydan 25 WP (1,0 kg/t).
Numai pentru malura comuna, fungicidele: Dacmancoz 80 WP (2,5 kg/t), Dithane Neotec 75 WG (2,5 kg/t), Dithane M – 45 (2,5 kg/t), Dithane 75 WG (2,5 kg/t), Raxil 060 FS (0,5 l/t), Raxil 2 WS (1,5 kg/t), Royal FLO 42 S (2,5 l/t), Sumi 8 2 WP (1,0 kg/t), Vondpzeb (2,5 kg/t), Vondozeb 75 DG (2,5 kg/t).
Pentru combaterea mucegaiului de zapada produsul Dividend 030 FS, este avizat la doza de 1,5 l/t; iar pentru combaterea malurii pitice sunt avizate urmatoarele produse: Celest Star (1,0 l/t) si Dividend Star 036 FS (1,0 l/t).
Pentru prevenirea daunelor produse de larvele gandacului ghebos se recomanda unul dintre insectofungicidele:Nuprid Max 222 FS (2,5 l/t), Sirius Extra (2,25 l/t), Yunta 246 FS (2,25 l/t) pe baza de imidacloprid: Dalia 600 FS (1,0 l/t), Imidaseed 70 WS (1,0 kg/t), Nuprid Al 600 FS (1,0 l/t), Nuprid 600 FS (1,0 l/t), Palisade 600 FS (1,0 l/t), Picus 600 FS (1,0 l/t), Seedoprid 600 FS (1,0 l/t), Sentinel SYN 600 FS (1,0 l/t), Sentinel 70 WS (1,0 kg/t), de tiametoxam: Cruiser 350 FS (1,5 l/t) sau de teflutrin: Tonic 20 CS (1,0-1,5 l/t).
Pentru prevenirea daunelor produse de viermii sarma se recomanda unul dintre insectofungicidele: Nuprid Max 222 FS (2,5 l/t), Sirius Extra (2,25 l/t), Yunta 246 FS (2,0 l/t). Sunt recomandate formularile insecticide pe baza de imidacloprid: Dalia 600 FS(0,7 l/t), Imidaseed 70 WS (0,7 kg/t), Nuprid Al 600 FS (0,7 l/t), Nuprid 600 FS (0,7 l/t), Palisade 600 FS (0,7 l/t), Picus 600 FS (0,7 l/t), Seedoprid 600 FS (0,7 l/t), Sntinel SYN 600 FS (0,7 l/t), Sentinel 70 WS (0,7 kg/t), de thiametoxam: Cruiser 350 FS (1,0 l/t), de cipermetrin: Signal (2,5 l/t) sau de teflutrin: Tonic 20 CS (1,0 l/t). Pentru prevenirea infestarii culturilor cu afide (Macrosiphum avenae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, R. Padi, Metopolophium dirhodum sau Schizaphis graminum), si cicade (Macrosteles sexnotatus, M. Laevis, Psamotettix striatus, Psamotetix alienus si Javesella pellucida), care pot produce atat pagube directe dar pot vehicula virusuri si micoplasme, determinand fenomenul de ingalbenire, piticire si aspermia graului (WDV), in cazul graului de toamna, atunci cand se practica semanatul timpuriu se recomanda tratarea semintelor cu insectofungicide: Nuprid Max 222 FS (2,5 l/t), Sirius Extra (2,25 l/t), Yunta 246 FS (2,0 l/t), precum si cu insecticidele: Cruiser 350 FS (1,0 l/t), Dalida 600 FS (0,6 l/t), Gaucho 600 FS (0,6 l/t), Imidaseed 70 WS (0,6 KG/T), Nuprid Al 600 FS (0,6 l/t), Nuprid 600 FS (0,6 l/t), Palisade 600 FS (0,6 l/t), Picus 600 FS (0,6 l/t), Seedoprid 600 Fs (0,6 l/t), Sntinel SYN 600 FS (0,6 l/t), Sentinel 70 WS (0,6 kg/t), Toreador 600 FS (0,6 l/t).
Data adaugarii: 24.11.2008
Sursa Dr. Constantin Popov si colab. - INCDA Fundulea (din revista Sanatatea plantelor, nr. 9/2008)
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