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TEHNOLOGIE CADRU PENTRU PRODUCEREA MATERIALULUI DE PLANTARE ECOLOGIC HORTICOL CARE SE MULTIPLICA PRIN SEMINTE



TEHNOLOGIE CADRU PENTRU PRODUCEREA MATERIALULUI DE PLANTARE ECOLOGIC HORTICOL CARE SE MULTIPLICA PRIN SEMINTE

LEGUME SI PLANTE ORNAMENTALE


1. Procurarea semintelor. Samanta utilizata in producerea materialului de plantare trebuie sa fie certificate bio sis a fie produsa de o unitate autorizata sau certificate pentru producerea semintelor ecologice.
 In alegerea sortimentului se va tine seama de cel putin urmatoarele criterii:
- rezistenta sau toleranta fata de atacul principalelor organisme patogene;
- plasticitatea biologica (adaptarea la conditiile extreme din zona de cultura, fotoperioada, frecventa accidentelor climatice, cerinte fata de fertilizanti, esalonarea maturarii recoltei);
- modul de cultura (protejate, semiprotejate sau direct in camp);
- destinatia recoltei (consum in stare proaspata – imediat sau dupa postmaturare – sau industrializare – conservare, deshidratare, congelare etc.);
- rezistenta la manipulare, transport si pastrare a productiei (livrare pe pietele interne sau la export);
- preferintele clientilor (marime, gust, intensitatea culorii, consistenta);
- corelare intre lungimea perioadei de vegetatie a genotipului cu perioada de consum crescut a clientilor si cu oferta climatica si pedologica a zonei de cultura, intre vigoarea plantelor si sistemul de sustinere etc.
Cum nu exista un soi sau un hibrid care sa intruneasca toate criteriile se pot alege mai multe (multi) prin care se alcatuieste un conveer varietal. Asocierea speciilor, soiurilor, sau hibrizilor va urmari atingerea a cat mai multor criterii care sa conduca in final la rezultate economice importante pentru fermier, dar si pentru familia sa.

2. Procurarea amestecurilor nutritive pentru producerea materialului de plantare. Fiecare componenta a amestecului nutritiv trebuie sa fie controlata (verificata) pentru:
- a nu contine metale grele, substante chimice de sinteza, pesticide sau ingrasaminte chimice acumulate in culturile anterioare sau in anii precedenti;
- a nu contine nematozi, vectori ai unor virusuri degenerescente;
- a nu contine spori, larve, pupe, sau adulti ai organismelor patogene care sa afecteze tinerele plante;
- mranita sa fie bine fermentata, sa nu fie infestata cu seminte de buruieni si sa provina de la animale crescute ecologic, iar produsele chimice utilizate pentru dezinfectia sau dezinsectia adaposturilor si a animalelor sa nu fie amestecate cu gunoiul de grajd.
 Cand se utilizeaza jiffy, jiffy pots sau turba, acestea nu trebuie sa contina ingredienti chimici de sinteza.

3. Semanatul se realizeaza in epocile specifice tipurilor de cultura (in spatii protejate, semiprotejate, sau in camp) sau in functie de specie, avandu-se in vedere varsta optima pe care trebuie sa o aiba rasadul in momentul infiintarii culturii. Este foarte important ca samanta utilizata la semanat sa fie tratata cu zeama bordeleza sau cu infuzie de musetel (Matricaria chamomilla). Dezinfectia semintei are scopul de a preveni infectarea precoce a plantelor abia rasarite si transmiterea prin seminte a germenilor unor patogeni. Metoda cea mai utilizata este imersia in solutia apoasa dezinfectanta urmata de uscare. Concomitent se poate face si dezinfectia termica pentru eliminarea uinor microorganisme patogene de tipul fitoplasmelor, virusurilor sau bacteriilor, prin incalzirea solutiei dezinfectante la 48-500 C, iar imersarea sa fie bine dozata ca durata astfel incat sa nu se afecteze facultatea germinativa sau puterea germinativa a semintelor.
Semanatul se executa manual sau mecanic cu diferite dispozitive de semanat in ghivece sau pe randuri.

4. Lucrarile specifice de intretinere in perioada dintre semanat si plantare la locul definitiv sunt aceleasi ca si tehnologia clasica, exceptand fertilizarea chimica si tratamentele fitosanitare efectuate cu pesticide de sinteza.
Apa utilizata la irigat trebuie verificata pentru a i se cunoaste continutul in metale grele, pesticide remanente, detergenti, nitriti si alti compusi chimici care ar putea compromite calitatea produselor stiindu-se ca utilizarea repetata a unui produs in cantitati mici are efect cumulativ in plantele de cultura.
La o cultura ecologica prevenirea infectiilor primare cu organisme patogene este mai importanta decat combaterea insasi. Actiunile preventive trebuie sa ia in considerare toate modurile de transmitere si dezvoltare a organismelor patogene incepand cu amestecurile nutritive, calitatea semintei, izolarea fata de plantele din flora spontana care au boli si daunatori comuni, izolarea fata de vectorii patogenilor si nu in ultimul rand, protectia impotriva accidentelor climatice (s-a demonstrat ca loviturile mecanice provocate de grindina sunt porti deschise pentru patogeni, picaturile de apa, mai ales acelea provenind din ploile acide de lunga durata, care raman pe frunze mai mult de doua ore stimuleaza germinarea sporilor fungilor patogeni etc.). Un rasad corect fertilizat, bine expus la lumina, neconcurat de buruieni si neexpus excesului de umiditate se dezvolta armonios si este mai tolerant la presiunea organismelor patogene decat acela produs in conditii de stres tehnologic.
Este cunoscut faptul ca eficacitatea produselor revulsive (repelente), sau pesticide admise a fi utilizate in culturile ecologice este mult diminuata comparativ cu a celor de sinteza. Lista produselor ecologice ce pot fi utilizate in culturile ecologice, momentul aplicarii, concentratiile optime si spectrul de combatere a acestor produse se poate consulta la elaboratorul prezentei tehnologii. Producerea rasadurilor la ghivece nutritive, ca si semanatul la densitati mici, fara repicarea platutelor, contribuie in mod decisiv la diminuarea diseminarii populatiilor unor organisme patogene din grupul fungilor (ca de exemplu Pythium debarianum, Fuzarium sp. etc.).

5. Certificarea materialului de plantare destinat infiintarii culturilor ecologice
Materialul de plantare destinat infiintarii culturilor ecologice trebuie certificat ca fiind ecologic dupa aceleasi criterii ca si samanta. O cultura ecologica poate fi certificata daca samanta, amestecul nutritiv si rasadurile sunt produse conform unei tehnologii certificate ca fiind ecologice.
Certificarea materialului de plantare destinat culturilor ecologice este obligatorie. Producatorul de material de plantare hortiviticol trebuie sa fie la randul lui autorizat in baza unui Certificat de producator ecologic. Certificatul poate fi obtinut prin parcurgerea tuturor fazelor de certificare si sa face dovada ca indeplineste cerintele minime obligatiorii stabilite de standardele nationale si europene.

                                                                                             Dr. Ing. Ion Tita
                                                                                    INCDBH Stefanesti-Arges



Data adaugarii: 13.10.2008 Sursa INCDBH si Agroazi
   
Comentarii:
DINCA CRISTINA:
As dori sa stiu de unde as putea procuta material dendrologic pentru a infiinta 2000 mp de cultura ? ( buxus,tuia etc). As dori sa cumpar puieti
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Buna seara !
Avem tuia orientala columnara galbena la 18-20 cm la pretul nenegociabil de 1,8 lei.Este o varietate deosebita.Va pot da si puieti mai mici ce pica la sortarea celor mai mari dar trebuie repicati intr-o schema mai mica si ingrijiti
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